Warning: Do not look directly at very bright light. Alternating current in a circuit may be controlled by resistance, inductance and capacitance, while the direct current is controlled only by resistance. Merck Manual of Medical Information, 2004, center tapped neutral: +120 V hot/neutral/−120 V hot, hot + hot = 240 V, high voltage for residential use (electric ovens, electric clothes dryers, etc. The AC generator is an electric device that converts mechanical energy into alternating current (AC). The electrons in the wire move in one direction for a short time and then reverse its direction. In alternating current circuit, the ratio of emf applied and consequent current produced  is called the impedance and is denoted by Z. Physically impedance of ac circuit is the hindrance offered by resistance along with either inductance or capacitance or both in the circuit to the flow of ac through it. where I is the current at time t, and I0 = V0/R is the peak current. : When the switch is closed, the capacitor starts discharging. The root mean square (rms) value of a quantity is a measure of its average magnitude determined by taking the root (r) of the mean (m) of the square (s) of the quantity (x). However, some sources mark either positive sign or negative sign at AC voltage source. It refers to systems where the source voltage is constant. We know the average power is 60.0 W, and so. The flow of electrons through a conductor or wire constitutes the electric. Inspite of all these losses, we have transformers with efficiency of 70% – 90%. are peak values of alternating emf and current. The various expressions for AC power Pave are. [latex]{V}_{\text{rms}}=\frac{{V}_{0}}{\sqrt{2}}\\[/latex]. The inverse of impedance is called the admittance and is denoted by Y, i.e., IMPEDANCES AND PHASES OF AC CIRCUIT CONTAINING DIFFERENT ELEMENTS, As already pointed out that in an ac circuit the current and applied emfs are not necessarily in same phase. Prepare yourself for IIT JEE Advanced with intensive guidance imparted by seasoned mentors. So the electric current starts flowing through the circuit. CIRCUIT CONTAINING RESISTANCE, INDUCTANCE AND CAPACITANCE IN SERIES (SERIES LCR CIRCUIT), Consider a circuit containing a resistance R, inductance L and capacitance C in series having an alternating emf, Let I be the current flowing in circuit. Consider an electrical circuit consisting of an AC source, on/off switch and an electrical bulb. In a wire, electric current is conducted by moving electrons. Plot of average power versus frequency for a series RLC circuit. A long time later, it acts like ordinary connecting wire. However, in some electronic appliances, the alternating current is first converted into direct current. Current can flow through a conductor in two ways. The main advantage of alternating current (AC) over direct current (DC) is that it is easy to change the voltage of the alternating current. When the key in a D.C. circuit (containing a D.C. source of emf, inductance coil, resistance and capacitor) is closed or opened, the current in the circuit varies. The number of wave cycles passing a given point in one second is called frequency. We can also convert the mechanical energy into direct current (DC) by using an electric device called DC generator. This means that the AC voltage swings from 170 V to –170 V and back 60 times every second. Protons do not carry the charge. Alternating current (AC) is not constant. The inductive time constant of the LR-circuit can also be defined by using equation. One-fourth of a percent is an acceptable loss. (a) What is the hot resistance of a 25-W light bulb that runs on 120-V AC? A small office-building air conditioner operates on 408-V AC and consumes 50.0 kW. The potential difference V between the terminals of an AC voltage source fluctuates as shown. Economies of scale make it cheaper to build a few very large electric power-generation plants than to build numerous small ones. This broken electrical path is called open circuit. CIRCUIT CONTAINING RESISTANCE AND INDUCTANCE IN SERIES (L-R SERIES CIRCUIT), Consider a circuit containing resistance R and inductance L in series having an alternating emf E = E, Let I be the current flowing in the circuit and V, (= IR) the potential difference across resistance and V. (= ωL.I) the potential difference across inductance. In simple words, the magnitude of the alternating current or voltage changes with respect to time. The upper curve is for a small R & lower broad curve is for large value of R. It is clear from the figure that for smaller R, value of Q, is Quality factor of circuit) & hence sharper resonance i.e. You can think of these rms and average values as the equivalent DC values for a simple resistive circuit. has been closed. Still more current can cause deadly heart rhythms. Unless mentioned otherwise, all a.c. currents and voltages are r.m.s. (c) Assuming its resistance is unaffected, by what factor will the power increase if a 120-V AC device is connected to 240-V AC? [latex]{I}_{\text{rms}}=\frac{{P}_{\text{ave}}}{{V}_{\text{rms}}}=\frac{\text{100}\times {\text{10}}^{6}\text{ W}}{\text{200}\times {\text{10}}^{3}\text{ V}}=500\text{ A}\\[/latex]. Assume an idealized situation in which energy is not radiated away from the circuit. Alternating current that reverses its direction many times a second. also oscillate with double the frequency 2ω. The generation of A.C. is cheaper than that of D.C. The flow of electrons through a conductor or wire constitutes the electric current. (a) What is its effective resistance? It starts, say, from zero, grows to a maximum, decreases to zero, reverses, reaches a maximum in the opposite direction, returns again to the original value, and repeats this cycle indefinitely. Alternating Current (AC) electrical circuit, Let us assume that initially, the switch is in off state. The value of current will oscillate between a maximum value and a minimum value. For L, C and, L-C circuit, the power factor is zero ( φ = 90º); for R-circuit, cos φ = 1 ( φ = 0) and for all other circuit cos φ  = R/Z, where, = 0 i.e., in a circuit with no resistance, the power loss is zero. In the second half the current flow reverses. The symbol of AC voltage source is shown in the below figure. Electric current is classified into two types based on the direction of charge carriers. . One full cycle of alternating current is shown in the diagram below: In the first half of the cycle the current flow is in one direction. 7. On solving it we get the value of current at any time t during growth of current in LR-circuit. in off state means the electrical path is broken.

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