PVYNTN causes a damaging disease, designated potato tuber necrotic ringspot disease, in which tubers develop superficial rings that initially are raised but later are sunken and necrotic and often become more conspicuous during storage; such symptoms can develop in as much as 90% of susceptible cultivars (Le Romancer and Nedelec, 1997). Among the latter, it shows a preference for poppies (Papaver species), burdock (Arctium tomentonum), fat-hen (Chenopodium album), saltbush (Atriplex rosea), chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla), thistles (Cirsium arvense),[7] and docks (Rumex spp.). RNA of potyviruses is translated into a large polyprotein that is cleaved co- and posttranslationally into mature proteins (Dougherty and Carrington, 1988; Fig. Here, both males and sexual females are produced parthogenetically, mating takes place, and these females lay eggs in crevices and under lichens to complete the lifecycle. Individuals of two aphid species excreted fewer droplets of honeydew when feeding on plants infected with BYDV compared with healthy plants (Ajayi and Dewar, 1982). Adult wingless aphids are 1.5-3.1 mm long. The HC-Pro protein is multifunctional—it is involved in aphid transmission of the virus, movement of the virus in the plant and is a suppressor of the RNA-dependent gene silencing antivirus defense (Kasschau and Carrington, 1998). Probably in the future once the phobia against GM food has diminished transgenic potatoes resistant to viruses will become available and widespread. (1987) found that (E)-β-farnesene, the alarm pheromone of the turnip aphid, Lipaphis erysimi, was not effective unless isothiocyanates were added to the blend, suggesting a host-plant volatile, context-dependent effect of (E)-β-farnesene. This RNA is enclosed in a protein capsid (CP) composed of up to 2000 subunits of 30–37 kDa (Riechmann et al., 1992). Its secondary hosts, on which it spends the summer, include a number of crops including sugar beets, spinach, beans, runner beans, celery, potatoes, sunflowers, carrots, artichokes, tobacco, and tomatoes. Aphis fabae produced more young per mother on beet plants infected with BtMV than on healthy plants (Kennedy, 1951). Genome structure and organization. Black bean aphid colonies are very conspicuous on individual plant stems and leaves. There is considerable research effort at present being made to explore the pheromone systems of an increasing number of aphid species for use in pest management. Eggs hatch in early spring and colonies form on young leaves and shoots. These observations together with results from complementation experiments suggest that FBNYV (and other nanovirids) require a virus-encoded helper factor for its vector transmission that is absent from purified virion preparations. It is reported on peas in Syria (Alkhalaf et al., 2010), Egypt (Eldin et al., 1981), Italy (Faccioli et al., 1990), and Libya (Zidan et al., 2002). Thus, the Ryadg gene from S. tuberosum ssp. Life-cycle. Economic damage by black bean aphid is mainly due to direct feeding damage. The Black Bean Aphid breeds a lot. Most populations of potato aphid (green and pink potato aphid), Macrosiphum euphorbiae (Thomas), transmit PLRV poorly if at all, but this species occasionally has been implicated in early season spread (Woodford et al., 1995). The black bean aphid is more commonly known as 'Black fly'. The uniqueness of nanovirids is also substantiated by the observation that the so-called genome formula of FBNSV in its vector, the pea aphid A. pisum, differs from those in two host plants, faba bean (V. faba) and barrel-medic (Medicago truncatula). The overwintering plant host is spindle (Euonymus europaeus). Habitat. Detailed information about the use of cookies on this website and how you can manage or withdraw your consent at any time can be found in our Privacy Statement. This virus is frequent in the Mediterranean basin and causes important economic damage especially in regions where growing virus-free seeds is not a general practice. Severe losses of tuber yield and quality in ware production can result when potato plants are propagated from virus-infected seed pieces (Marshall et al., 1988; Hamm and Hane, 1999; Hane and Hamm, 1999). By midsummer, the number of predators and parasites has built up and aphid populations cease to expand. [8] Celery can be heavily infested. The transgenic resistance fully protected the crop from infection with PVYO transmitted by aphids. These are unsightly, reduce the surface area of the plant available for photosynthesis and may reduce the value of the crop. 150S. Temperate legume pasture hosts include lathyrus, lucerne, vetch and medic and clover species. It should be noted that M. persicae is a species complex with two other described species, Myzus nicotianae (Blackman) and Myzus antirrhinii (Macchiati). The density of trichomes on soybean leaves influenced probing behavior by several aphid species. One line was also resistant when PVY was inoculated with viruliferous green peach aphids (Lawson et al., 1990). They suck sap from stems and leaves and cause distortion of the shoots, stunted plants, reduced yield, and spoiled crops. The membranous wings of the alates are held angled over the body. BYMV can be purified following the procedure described by Bos (1970). Bicyclic 1-oxa-2,4-diazine 272, in combination with other known antibacterials, has proven effective against bacteria such as Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus <2003FRP2835186, 2002WO2002010172>. Other common names include blackfly, bean aphid, and beet leaf aphid. The coat protein is involved in cell-to-cell movement and vector transmission together with HC-Pro. Emergency Helpline 00800 1020 3333 (24hr call centre hosted in the USA). Other aphid vectors of FBNYV are Aphis fabae and Acyrthosiphon pisum but in no case were Myzus persicae and Aphis gossypii able to transmit this virus. For FBNYV it has been demonstrated that purified virions alone are not transmissible by its aphid vector, regardless of whether they are acquired from artificial diets using membrane feeding techniques or directly microinjected into the aphid’s hemocoel. The nucleic acid is unipartite, single-stranded, positive-sense RNA of MW ca. They are black in colour, although they can also appear dark green or purple. One other aspect of aphid pheromone communication is their use of alarm pheromones. Distribution in the Mediterranean countries. Infected plants are more severely affected if PVY occurs in complex with other viruses, especially PVX. 3,4-Dialkylated benzo-4H-1-thia-2,4-diazine 1,1-dioxides 284 are useful as couplers in the formation of photographic dyes <2002JPP2002318441>. They consist of a 10-kb positive-sense RNA, with a 5′-covalently linked protein (VPg) and a 3′ poly (A) tail (Hari et al., 1979). Control methods. Identification of volatile compounds used in host location by the black bean aphid, Aphis fabae. These plants were, however, not resistant to field isolates of the PVYN strain group. SCSV has been reported to be vectored also by the cotton aphid (Aphis gossypii), the green peach aphid (Myzus persicae) and the potato aphid (Macrosiphum euphorbiae), and PNYDV by the cowpea- and pea aphid and the vetch aphid (Megoura viciae). The gene products of the potyviral genome from the 5′ to the 3′ are: the P1 protein that contains a protease domain at its C-terminal region, cleaving itself from the adjacent helper component protease (HC-Pro) protein, with another presently unknown function. Transmission studies showed that aphids are able to transmit FBNYV and SCSV following short acquisition and inoculation access feeding periods of about 30 min each. In warm conditions colonies can build-up rapidly and when over-population causes crowding, winged forms are produced to widen distribution. These observations together with results from complementation experiments suggest that FBNYV (and other nanovirids) require a virus-encoded helper factor for its vector transmission that is either dysfunctional or absent in purified virion preparations. Dawson et al. This virus is seed-transmitted in lettuce and several weed species that are commonly present in lettuce fields (Nebreda et al., 2004). The C-terminal part of the HC-protein also acts as a protease, cleaving itself from the precursor polyprotein, the P3 protein of unknown function, which is a “replication complex block” composed of the CI protein, VPg protease, and polymerase (Glais et al., 2002). For example, resistance of certain brassicas to Brevicoryne brassicae (L.) (but not to M. persicae) has been shown to depend on the physical state of the wax on the leaf surface (Jadot and Roland, 1971). Knowledge of homopteran sex attractant pheromones comes from two agriculturally important groups, the scale insects and the aphids. The sequences of about 30 PVY isolates have been reported with homologies of 93–99% (van der Vlugt et al., 1993). [1][6][7] More than 40% of the eggs probably survive the winter, but some are eaten by birds or flower bugs, and others fail to hatch in the spring. PVY isolates were also found in Syria. BYMV is transmitted by several species of aphids in a nonpersistent manner. For instance, the sex pheromone of the aphid Aphis fabae is a 29:1 blend of (+)-(4aS,7S,7aR)-nepetalactone and (−)-(1R,4aS,7S,7aR)-nepetalactol (Pickett et al., 1992). [10], The black bean aphid is a major pest of sugar beet, bean, and celery crops, with large numbers of aphids cause stunting of the plants. Sometimes, HR fails to restrict virus movement resulting in larger necrotic lesions or vein necrosis. Both winged and wingless forms exist, and at this time of year, they are all females. The black bean aphid can transmit more than 30 viruses. Figure 1. Aphis fabae is in the superfamily Aphidoidea and the subgenus Aphis. From: Matthews' Plant Virology (Fourth Edition), 2002, Gad Loebenstein, Victor Gaba, in Advances in Virus Research, 2012. Serological specificity is located particularly in the N-terminal part of the coat protein molecule which is readily lost during virus purification and storage (Shukla et al., 1988). [11], Natural predators of black bean aphids include both adults and larvae of ladybirds and lacewings and the larvae of hoverflies. Coumarin-linked benzo-4H-1-thia-2,4-diazine 1,1-dioxides 283, where X is a cryptand or crown ether, have been studied for their potential in measuring metal cation concentrations <1998EPP861843>. Aphis craccivora appears to be the major natural vector of these viruses as it is the most abundant aphid species on legume crops in the afflicted areas and was among the most efficient vectors under experimental conditions. Oil sprays (Shands, 1977) alone or in combination with a pyrethroid (Gibson and Cayley, 1984) reduced virus infection. PVYNTN has been reported from Europe. The particles are usually flexuous, ca. These are monoterpenoids in the cyclopentanoid series ((18), Fig. Attempts to transform potato plants with the pokeweed antiviral protein (PAP), a ribosome-inhibiting protein found in the cell walls of Phytolacca americana (pokeweed), thought to give a broad-spectrum protection against several viruses, gave only limited protection against aphid-transmitted PVY. PVYN occurs in Europe, Africa, New Zealand, and S. America. This sets the nanovirids clearly apart from other viruses transmitted in a circulative manner, such as geminiviruses and luteoviruses. A series of 3-substituted-5,6-dihydro-4H-1-oxa-2,4-diazines 276 have been shown to have useful fungicidal properties <1999DEP19737723, 1996DEP19510297>. The cumulative increase of the aphid numbers in a set of plants would be substantial. Specific chemicals may either attract or inhibit feeding by particular aphid species. However, faba bean seedlings biolistically inoculated with intact virions or viral DNA developed symptoms typical of FBNYV infections and were efficient sources for FBNYV transmission by aphids.

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