[224] The "Jinnah Tower" in Guntur, Andhra Pradesh, India, was built to commemorate Jinnah. Born at Wazir Mansion in Karachi, Muhammad Ali Jinnah was trained as a barrister at Lincoln’s Inn in London. Jinnah and his aunt were very close.

[101] According to historian Ian Talbot, "The provincial Congress governments made no effort to understand and respect their Muslim populations' cultural and religious sensibilities. Muhammad Ali Jinnah died later that night at 10:20 pm at his home in Karachi on 11 September 1948 at the age of 71, just over a year after Pakistan’s creation.

[80] When Jinnah urged Dina to marry a Muslim, she reminded him that he had married a woman not raised in his faith. But the two states that were subject to the suzerainty of Junagadh—Mangrol and Babariawad—declared their independence from Junagadh and acceded to India.

Naoroji had become the first British Member of Parliament of Indian extraction shortly before Jinnah’s arrival, triumphing with a majority of three votes in Finsbury Central. Jinnah’s father, Jinnahbhai Poonja, was a merchant and exporter of cotton, wool, grain and range of other goods. Upon his return to British India, he enrolled at the Bombay High Court, and took an interest in national politics, which eventually replaced his legal practice. After his six-month appointment period, Jinnah was offered a permanent position on a 1,500 rupee per month salary. These became known as his Fourteen Points.

He worked in a frenzy to consolidate Pakistan. By 1928 Jinnah’s busy political career had taken a toll on his marriage. According to Jaswant Singh, “With Jinnah’s death, Pakistan lost its moorings.

Other Muslims supported the Congress, which officially advocated a secular state upon independence, though the traditionalist wing (including politicians such as, Balraj Puri in his journal article about Jinnah suggests that the Muslim League president, after the 1937 vote, turned to the idea of partition in “sheer desperation”. Devastatingly, Jinnah’s mother, Mithibai, also passed away during his stay in London. In that year, the Muslim League, led by Jinnah, passed the Lahore Resolution, demanding a separate nation. Jinnah’s legacy in Pakistan. He joined the following year, although he remained a member of the Congress as well and stressed that League membership took second priority to the “greater national cause” of an independent India.

His parents were from Paneli, Gondal and had shifted to Karachi just a year before his birth.

He continued to borrow ideas "directly from Iqbal—including his thoughts on Muslim unity, on Islamic ideals of liberty, justice and equality, on economics, and even on practices such as prayers". According to his biographer, Stanley Wolpert, he remains Pakistan’s greatest leader.

The following day, the Viceroy, Lord Linlithgow, without consulting Indian political leaders, announced that India had entered the war along with Britain. By 9 September, Muhammad Ali Jinnah had also developed pneumonia.

This is sheer propaganda.

This was satisfactory to neither the Congress nor the League, though Jinnah was pleased that the British had moved towards recognizing Jinnah as the representative of the Muslim community’s interests.

[171] As many as 14,500,000 people relocated between India and Pakistan during and after partition. During this period, he shortened his name to Muhammad Ali Jinnah. And, of course, he totally neglected his health …” Jinnah worked with a tin of Craven “A” cigarettes at his desk, of which he had smoked 50 or more a day for the previous 30 years, as well as a box of Cuban cigars.

https://www.biography.com/political-figure/muhammad-ali-jinnah.

[146] Jinnah had been willing to consider some continued links to Hindustan (as the Hindu-majority state which would be formed on partition was sometimes referred to), such as a joint military or communications.

In 1908, his factional foe in the Indian National Congress, Bal Gangadhar Tilak, was arrested for sedition.

[109] Initially, however, Iqbal and Jinnah were opponents, as Iqbal believed Jinnah did not care about the crises confronting the Muslim community during the British Raj. Jinnah was a delegate to the first two conferences but was not invited to the last. Nevertheless, as Governor-General of Pakistan, he would refuse to accept a large salary, fixing it at 1 rupee per month. Born at Wazir Mansion in Karachi, Jinnah was trained as a barrister at Lincoln's Inn in London. Upon the book release, Singh was expelled from his membership of Bharatiya Janata Party, to which he responded that BJP is “narrow-minded” and has “limited thoughts”. Iqbal has also been cited as an influential force in convincing Jinnah to end his self-imposed exile in London and re-enter the politics of India. Innumerable streets, roads, and localities in the world are named after Muhammad Ali Jinnah. [176] On 12 August 1948 the Babrra massacre in Charsadda occurred resulting in the death of 400 people aligned with the Khudai Khidmatgar movement. To gain knowledge of the law, he followed an established barrister and learned from what he did, as well as from studying lawbooks. As many as 14,500,000 people relocated between India and Pakistan during and after partition. The Pakistani Army was still commanded by British officers, and the commanding officer, General Sir Douglas Gracey, refused the order, stating that he would not move into what he considered the territory of another nation without approval from higher authority, which was not forthcoming. Jinnah later became estranged from Dina after she decided to marry a Christian, Neville Wadia from a prominent Parsi business family. Jinnah's given name at birth was Mahomedali Jinnahbhai,[a] and he likely was born in 1876,[b] to Jinnahbhai Poonja and his wife Mithibai, in a rented apartment on the second floor of Wazir Mansion near Karachi,[3] now in Sindh, Pakistan but then within the Bombay Presidency of British India. In a speech given at Allahabad to a League session in 1930, Sir Muhammad Iqbal called for a state for Muslims in British India. Innumerable streets, roads and localities in the world are named after Jinnah. During the Second World War, the League gained strength while leaders of the Congress were imprisoned, and in the elections held shortly after the war, it won most of the seats reserved for Muslims.

Gandhi’s proposal gained broad Hindu support and was also attractive to many Muslims of the Khilafat faction. He was a compromise candidate when two older, better-known Muslims who were seeking the post deadlocked. Until the late 1930s, most Muslims of the British Raj expected, upon independence, to be part of a unitary state encompassing all of British India, as did the Hindus and others who advocated self-government. [135], The British people returned Clement Attlee and his Labour Party later in July. Some sources allege he gave up alcohol near the end of his life. Soon after his arrival in London, Jinnah gave up the business apprenticeship in order to study law, enraging his father, who had, before his departure, given him enough money to live for three years. Muhammad Ali Jinnah (born Mahomedali Jinnahbhai; 25 December 1876 – 11 September 1948) was a lawyer, politician and the founder of Pakistan.

Gandhi had achieved considerable popularity among Muslims because of his work during the war on behalf of killed or imprisoned Muslims. [34] Even when he was dying, he insisted on being formally dressed, "I will not travel in my pyjamas.

The former Quaid-i-Azam International Airport in Karachi, now called the Jinnah International Airport, is Pakistan’s busiest. The Viceroy promised a representative body after the war to determine India's future, and that no future settlement would be imposed over the objections of a large part of the population. Provinces would have the option of leaving the union entirely, and there would be an interim government with representation from the Congress and the League. Today these are as applicable in actual life as these were 1300 years ago. [12] English had become his principal language and would remain so throughout his life. In his later years and especially after his death, a large number of stories about the boyhood of Pakistan’s founder were circulated: that he spent all his spare time at the police court, listening to the proceedings and that he studied his books by the glow of street lights for lack of other illumination. Vali Nasr says Jinnah "was an Ismaili by birth and a Twelver Shia by confession, though not a religiously observant man. Earlier he had been aligned with their opposition to separate electorates meant to guarantee a fixed percentage of legislative representation for Muslims and Hindus.

[140] According to his biographer Bolitho, "This was Jinnah's glorious hour: his arduous political campaigns, his robust beliefs and claims, were at last justified. By coincidence, he was in Britain at the same time as a man who would become a great political rival of his, Mohandas Gandhi, a Hindu lawyer who had become well known for advocating satyagraha, non-violent non-cooperation, while in South Africa. Ahmed comments that in his annotations to Iqbal’s letters, Jinnah expressed solidarity with Iqbal’s view: that Indian Muslims required a separate homeland. Hardly anyone can be credited with creating a nation-state.

[157], Jinnah feared that at the end of the British presence in the subcontinent, they would turn control over to the Congress-dominated constituent assembly, putting Muslims at a disadvantage in attempting to win autonomy.

The sessions began lightly when Jinnah, photographed between Louis and Edwina Mountbatten, quipped "A rose between two thorns" which the Viceroy took, perhaps gratuitously, as evidence that the Muslim leader had pre-planned his joke but had expected the vicereine to stand in the middle. Following the marriage, Jinnah continued attending the Christian Missionary Society High School until he left for London. Islam and its idealism have taught us democracy. He secured the right to speak for the Muslim-led Bengali and Punjabi provincial governments in the central government in New Delhi (“the center”).

There is a considerable amount of scholarship on Jinnah which stems from Pakistan; according to Akbar S. Ahmed, it is not widely read outside the country and usually avoids even the slightest criticism of Muhammad Ali Jinnah.

The provinces would vote on whether to continue in the existing constituent assembly or to have a new one, that is, to join Pakistan. His mother insisted he attend Sind Madrassa, but Jinnah was expelled for cutting classes to go horseback riding.

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