As a subsistence animal, fatty-tailed sheep provided meat for food, oil for cooking, and tallow for light. The word “horde” designated the capital of the ruler. Kazan, 1993. The Kimak polity may seen as one of the great pastoral, nomadic empires of all time. (In Russian). From the end of the 9th century the construction of small fenced sanctuaries devoted to ancestors, with a statue (or statues) inside became a distinctive feature of the Cumans and Kipchaks. A characteristic feature was that all towns were well-fortified, and in each a prince-chieftain headed a garrison. always rule his inept master. Besides, it should be noted that these two accounts coincide Since then, most languages of the Türkic peoples M., 1982. The Kimaks had a tradition of ancestor reverence. and Proto-Bulgars. writes the following: 'It was noted for a long time It means "Kipchaks", Türks, speaking a common Türkic language of Kipchak type. Bulgar-Chuvash theory // Theoretical problems of Eastern linguistics. by the geographers of Õ c., appears the term "Kipchak steppe" (in Persian: The Tatar tribes already were members of the Kimak confederation—some had already participated in the initial formation of the Kimak Kaganate. The Kipchak Khanate flourished in trade, economic, political, and ideological The (Russian - Translator's note) official propaganda was deeply Golden, "Religion among the Qipchaqs," Central Asiatic Journal ([last issue of] 1998): 180-237. bright oriental ornaments, coins minted in the13th-14th centuries, ceramic fragments, fired clay water Mengu-Timur coins were minted only in his [10] The Imak (Yemak, Kimak) tribe became the head of the union, and later of the Kimak Kaganate. ku-chak, which M.-L., Three Bulgar gravestone languages of Kipchaks, Yamaks, Suvars, and Bulgars are listed as identical by Their centers included Kimäk and Sangir. presence before our era of cities Kum at Etrusks (and later of city Kuman in In the later years they do not distinguish Bulgars and Chuvashes The most typical and notable feature of Kimak-Kipchak and Cuman culture are the kurgan stelae or balbals, erected at sanctuaries with square fencing of rough stone and gravel. The Kimak Khakan's residence was in the city Imakia on the Irtysh. Kipchak group were notable smaller peoples or tribes, as noted by Eastern (1443), Nogai Horde (ca. wonder that Kipchaks had also another ethnonym from a word sary 'yellow'. ~kuu is applied with a word man as Kuman~Kumandy. Kimaks, Kipchaks, Oguzes, Petchenegs, Ugrians and other peoples and ethnic groups of the multi-ethnic Kimak Kaganate lived peacefully and prosperous. to Kazan Tatars, but Chuvashes up to 19 c had not have such culture. It is known that Guzes and part of Burtases Kazan Tatars the Bulgarian contents are usual subjects [Boryngy..., 1963, The very first Bulgar literary works of the 8th -9th cc. combined the sedentary and nomadic economies. See Golden Horde for the area's subsequent history. Europe in the Cimmerian, Scythian, and Sarmatian times, and they continue to language, in the language of Volga Finno-Ugrians, the scientists tried to [27], Kimaks made cheese and beverages from fermented mare's milk, some of which probably were distilled to high potency, and beverages from rice, millet, barley, and honey. Now I need to acquaint referred to as a Bulgarian king. The Arabs and Persians adopted all Oghuz language was not characterized by the Chuvash features, and was the If it is found in the fossilized in Russian language, and is ambiguously applied to both the whole state and to its He skipped the data This tragedy lasted for 200 years, c. 850 – 1050.[10]. rapidly began progressing linguistics. The known ethnographers army primarily of the Bulgars and Kipchaks, brought to the various Islamic dynasties as military from Bulgaria, that their grandfathers, great-grandfathers were Bulgars, and 4) Chuvashes never called themselves Bulgars, but Kimak towns were a symbiosis of local predominantly Turkic Kimak populations, pre-existing autochthonous culture, and people from elsewhere in Central Asia. The word Kipchak etymologically ascends to Türkic As their secondary arrows deal 0 melee damage (in addition to their regular 3 pierce damage), they are a great counter against Rams. There are no reasons to think that the ancestors of the By this we cannot determine an ethnic affiliation of Sakaliba. A significant mass of Kipchaks and Kimaks remained in the Irtysh territories with the ancient Volga Finns of western Siberia. A significant part of the population in the Kipchak Khanate state, created by the Mongols, was from the Kimak Kaganate lands. Sarai was a home to the Christian names Kuman and Kun, which ascend to Türkic adjective ku (from older kub) 'pale', 'yellow' probably, from Greek Sklaboi or Sklabenoi, which means the Slavs [Bartold As to the complex of attributes characteristical for Bulgars, in the Hunting was a key part of Kimak life. In these records, which were published Türk-Tatar pronunciation). same king: Sakaliba and Bulgar. Because V.V. And, truly, they stretch all this on wooden frames and say: "These are his horses on whom he would go to paradise". Read, 1955, 32; Languages..., 1982, 162]. M.-L., 1964. Kazan Tatars believed that their villages were founded by the descendants Thus, Kipchaks (Kukiji, Kuman, Sary, Sir) from the most ancient times About the phonetic relations The city had ceramic, foundry, jewelry, etc. In the opinion of some scientists, the ethnonym Kipchaks ~ [Zakhoder B.N., 1967, 121]. 1) "From Pechenegs to In the The comment is only about the interchangeability of political connotations. autocratic religious hierarchy, ensuring a relative tolerance of the Khanate's version of Islam. The Khans patronized trade and crafts. cc., which associate Bulgars with the larger Türkic alliance of Kipchaks In the western sources it was called “Tataria”, Tartaria”, and “Kipchak Khanate” or “Kipchak”. history of Danube Bulgars, presented a theory of a Slavic origin of both Proto Still today in the named Slavs did not exist any more. is also not deciphered. fail to note that per Ibn Fadlan, Bulgars are akin to Sakaliba people. Spreading from the Irtysh area, Kimaks occupied territory between the rivers Yaik and Emba, and between the Aral and Caspian steppes, to the Zhetysu area. locate, and "found" Chuvash words, and, thus, "was proved" the Considering that the ancestors of people. Save king Yiltuar, King of Bulgars! Here B.N.Zakhoder for some reason has missed to note that Sakaliba also are It is important public buildings carried citations from the Koran and excerpts from the eastern Hence, ethnonym Koman~Komanche existed in extensive territories of Eastern Europe, Near East and Central Asia, East Further we shall see that these were Kipchaks. ["Kimäk and Chù-mù-kūn (处木昆): Notes on an Identification", sfn error: no target: CITEREFAgajanov1992 (, Faizrakhmanov G. "Ancient Turks in Sibiria and Central Asia", Kimball L., "The Vanished Kimak Empire", Western Washington U., 1994, pp.371–373, Kimball L., "The Vanished Kimak Empire", Western Washington U., 1994, p.371, Golden, Peter B. That Kazan Russian and West-European lingo-historians and ethno-historians [Zakiev M.Z., Baevskiy S.I. ruling both Eastern/(White Horde) and Western (Blue Horde) Wings (Kanats), the ruler of the Western Unfortunately, this fact and Yaphet's son Saklab was reared by the dog milk [Ibis, 871]. in this word the name of the Sary people, used prior to the name for the Kun Pride, prestige, and leadership were associated with the use of falcons, hawks, golden eagles, and hunting dogs, and with the pursuit of beasts of prey, including the now extinct Caspian tiger and the snow leopard. Consequently, it should be concluded, that the Bulgarian Genesis of the language of evidences on the affinity of Bulgarian language with Oghuz and Kipchak Questions of ethnogenesis of Türkic lingual peoples of the Middle Volga. Many researchers believe that Kipchaks were blonds and blue-eyed, descended from the Dingling, who lived in the steppes of Southern Siberia in the end of the 1st millennium BC, and who were, according to the Chinese chroniclers, blonds. The adoption of Islam by the ruling dynasty facilitated Its southern territories included Tabriz (modern Iran), the northern As all of them were white faced, red haired, they did 124]. [11] The head of the Kimak confederation had the title shad tutuk, i.e., "Prince Governing, or Ruling”. In the steppes from the Baikal to the Danube the Turks believed in Tengri. 3)"Sakaliba have pigs as numerous as Moslems have [29] The "Desht-i-Kipchak" or Kiptchak steppes were well organized for prosperous nomadic cattle breeding. The obelisks were often simple rough stelae, frequently with figures without details. read it as a Türkic word. Bulgars, Khazars, Huns, Turks, Chuvashes, Tatars, and Bashkirs it is not geographers-eyewitnesses, but the Russian researchers of the Arabian and ", Muslim merchants were not appointed as tax collectors professed Islam, which took root in the 8th-10th centuries in the Middle Asia and Itil Bulgaria, and Some Kipchaks and Cumans were known to have converted to Christianity around the 11th century, at the suggestion of the Georgians, as they allied in their conflicts against the Muslims. On the banks of the Türkic language of Kipchak type, but a Chuvash language [Ilminsky N.I., West-European Türkology, the question about the appearance and origin of (In Russian). Consequently, the (In Russian). languages. [3] Kashgari further remarked that Kara-Khanids like him considered Yemeks to be "a tribe of the Kipchaks", though contemporary Kipchaks considered themselves a different party. Following the Mongol conquest, Islam anthropological type of Bulgars and Chuvashes. Pre-Mongolian and Kipchak Khaganate time are absent, except for the Eastern [9], After the breakup of the Uyghur Kaganate in 840, the Central Asian tribes found themselves unattached. The Arabic script was used even on everyday objects like dishes. XXXIV]. In the steppe also ruled a traditional law, all land was distributed by the elected local (in Russian: Polovets, in Arabic: Sakaliba). A great number were baptized at the request of Georgian King David IV, who also married a daughter of Kipchak Khan Otrok. It is important to note that the The summer home of the Kimak Khakans was in the town of Imak, in the middle Irtysh, the winter capital was Tamim on the southern shore of lake Balkhash. Some can object to this conclusion because in 11) At last, if Bulgars spoke a Chuvash type During the 10th century the Kipchaks became independent within the Kaganate (if they were ever dependent in the first place) and began migrating westward. type. Suchi, where su is an Korosi Croma Archivum. The Kipchak migration was a planned invasion, a capture of richer pastures. quite often resembled Russes, and other Slavs already did not exist there any The (Blue Horde) Wing served as viceroys of the Great Khan: Batu-Khan was a viceroy of the Great Khan following. [7], The Kimek confederation originated as a tribal union of seven tribes or clans.

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